· INTRODUCTION:

The world’s oldest and largest traditional system of medicine India. Indian system of medicine includes various systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga and Naturopathy. Indian herbal market is the most growing market in the world because government set up herbal farm clusters for improving quality of drugs and promotion of exports, cultivation of medicinal plants and effective marketing of herbal products. Herbal medicinal products are getting importance globally because of their health benefits. There demand is going to increase because of increased interest of consumers in natural products as they are considered safer and more cost effective than synthetic drugs in many cases (Kochhar, 1981). Similarly, industry demand for herbal products was also increased due to emergence of new products such as health foods, natural cosmetics, and hygiene products and many more. Overall, international trade in medicinal plants and their products was US$ 60 billion in the year 2000, with average annual growth rate of 7% and was expected to reach US$ 5 trillion by 2050 (Govt. of India, 2000). China and India are the top exporting countries and Hong Kong, Japan, USA and Germany are the leading importers. Medicinal plant plays a vital role in the health care needs of three quarter of the world’s population living in developing countries. Use of medicinal plants is being steadily increased.

· WORLD PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL MARKET:

The interest of pharmaceutical industries towards medicinal plants is increased in last two decades. InUSA,25%prescriptionsaredispensed with drugs whose active ingredients are derived from plants. Sale of drugs which are obtained from plants in USA amounted to around US$ 4.5 billion in 1980 and US$ 15.5 billion in 1990 (Farnsworth and Soejarto, 1985). As are sultof this, 119 drugs were obtained from 90 plants in1995 (Frans worthetal.,1985) and over 130 in 1997 from the plants (Sukhdev, 1997). Due to such increasing demand of natural products it was expected that the share of plant derived prescription drugs would be increased up to 30% in nearby time (Wilkinson, 2000). More than 60 million U.S. consumers took herbal remedies (Austin, 2010). Glycosides were the next in sale to terpenoids. Flavonoids, saponines, anthraquinones and digitalis compounds were among the most significant categories in term of sale.

· USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES:

The annual turnover of the Indian herbal medicinal drugs industry is about Rs. 7,500 crore and the pharmaceutical industry’s turnover of Rs. 14,500 crore with a growth rate of more than 15%.Theapexchamberestimates the global herbal industry which grow up to Rs. 70,000 crore by 2015, more than double from the current level of Rs. 30,000 crore. In India, there are about 14 well-recognized., 86 medium scale and 8000 small scale manufactures of herbal drugs are on record. The current estimated annual production of herbal drugs is around Rs. 3500 crores. India has its strong base in traditional knowledge about herbal medicine and great plant biodiversity has a great potential in this sector. Thus the huge demand of herbal medicines has led to a sudden increase in herbal manufacturing units. This can be corroborated from the huge requirement of raw materials by the industry. The turnover of AYUS Hindustry is estimated to be more than Rs. 8800 crore in the year 2020. The domestic market of Indian systems of medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM and H) is the order of Rs . 4000 crore with a total consumption of all botanicals upto a figure of 177000 MT, which is expanding day by day. The total annual turnover of the Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry is estimated which is around Rs. 3,500 crore. Some of the well-known industrial houses with individual annual turnover of more than 50 Crores are Dabur India Ltd, Zandu Pharmaceutical Work Ltd., Himalaya Drug Company, Shree Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhawan Pvt. Ltd., Arya Vaidya Shala etc. The total quantity of the exported medicinal plants from India including the plant extracts was 57880 MT in the year 2008. The total value of plants raw drugs which are exported (excluding extracts) was Rs. 354.8 crores corresponding to a quantity of 56,500 MT in the year 2008. In 2008, the annual export herbal sector of India added to Rs. 807 crores. This included exports worth Rs. 354.80 crores relating to plant raw drugs, Rs. 161 crores relating to plant extracts and Rs. 291 crores to medicines. Total 40 numbers of commodities were enlisted for import. The consolidated figures of such imports value amounted to 37,483 MT (Rs.173 crores) and Gum Arabic constituted has the largest proportion by quantity (12,731 MT; 34 %).India was second only to china in the world in the exports of Ayush and herbals of the total Rs.14000 crore in 2012. If one looks in terms of net value addition, the Ayush and herbal sector had shown a growth of 10.89% during 13 years period between 1995-96 and 2007-08.

· MARKET OF THE HERBAL DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES:

Sales of herbal dietary supplements in the United States was increased by 4.5% in 2011, reaching a total estimated figure of nearly $5.3 billion (USD). Sales in the mainstream market channel was continued to grow, increasing at least 3% over 2010 sales while sales in natural food stores rose by a strong 5.5%. The 5 top-selling herbal supplements of 2011 in the health and natural foods channel, according to SPINS newsletter, were flaxseed oil, wheat and barley, turmeric, aloe, and milk thistle. The top-selling herbal singles of 2011 in the food, drug, and mass- market channel, according to Symphony IRI, were cranberry, soy, saw palmetto, garlic, and ginkgo.

Table 1: Acquisitions of European phytomedicine companies by multinational pharmaceutical companies’ biloba)

Sr. No.	Multinational Company	Herbal companies acquired, Country
1.	American home products	Dr. Much, Germany
2.	Boehringer Ingleheim	Pharmaton, Switzerland Quest, Canada
3.	Boots	Kanold, Germany
4.	Bausch and Lomb	Dr. Munn, Germany
5.	Degussa	Asta Medica, Germany
6.	Fujisawa	Klinge, Germany
7.	Johnson and Johnson / Merck	Woelm Pharma, Germany
8.	Pfizer	Mack, Germany
9.	Rhone Poulenc Rohrer	Natterman, Germany
10.	Sanofi	Plant Organ, Germany
11.	Searle	Heumann, Germany
12.	SmithKline Beecham	Fink, Germany
13.	Solvay	Kali Chemie, Germany

· DEVELOPMENTS IN HERBAL MEDICINE INDUSTRY:

The majority of leading companies, specialized in herbal drugs, are located in Germany, France, Italy and Switzerland. Some of them are over 100 years old and many are still privately owned. Some multinational pharmaceutical companies have bought the smaller herbal companies in Europe (Table 1). Examples are Boehringer Ingelheim (Sweden), Lederle (Australia) and Schering (Belgium and Hungary).

Herbals are the fastest growing segment in the raw materials market in the USA, valued at over US$ 600 million.

· NUTRACEUTICALS:

‘Nutraceuticals’ is a latest term for health foods, The term ‘nutraceuticals’ is an amalgamation of the terms ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceuticals’ used as a marking level to distinguish certain foods and food ingredients generally from the natural sources, which consist of some specific health benefits. Nutraceuticals are the latest products in a succession of health food evolution.

· TRENDS IN GLOBAL NUTRACEUTICALS MARKET:

The USA leads the market followed by Western European countries and Japan as both major producer and consumer of nutraceuticals (Table 2). In 1998-99, the herbal supplements and the vitamins were the strongest performing sector in the global OTC market, with an annual growth rate of 16%. In 1999, the global nutraceutical market was valued at US$ 6.8 billion, almost thrice the value in 1987 (Table 3).

Table 2: Apparent size of major world market for Nutraceuticals. (Vasisht and Kumar, 2002)

Region	Market size (billion US$)
United States of America	10-37
Europe Union countries	15-20
Japan	10-14

Table 3: Global nutraceuticals demand. (Vanish and Kumar, 2002)

Item	Demand value (billion US$)
Item	1987	1997	1999	2002
Herbals and related extracts	0.52	1.73	2.90	2.96
Vitamins	0.68	1.38	2.30	1.93
Minerals and nutrients	1.14	2.39	1.60	3.31
Total	2.34	5.50	6.80	8.20

The herbal and related extracts which formed only 3.40% of nutraceuticals demand in 1987 was increased to 18.49% in 1996 (Table 4). The report from packaged facts, titled Nutritional Supplements in the US, says sale hit 11.5 billion in 2012 and will reach 15.5 billion by 2017

Table 4: The US bulk nutraceuticals demand and growth

Item	Demand value (billion US$)	Demand value (billion US$)	Demand value (billion US$)	Demand value (billion US$)
Item	1987	1987	1987	1987
Herbals and related extracts	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Vitamins	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29
Minerals and nutrients	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56
Total	0.88	1.73	2.53	20.7

CONCLUSION:

Numerous drugs have entered the international market through exploration of ethno pharmacology and traditional medicine. Traditional Indian Medicine and traditional Chinese Medicine carry many generations' observations that have well-organized and documented data. China has successfully promoted their own therapies and drugs like ginseng, ma huang and gingko with scientific evidences acceptable for the global community. It is no ex-aggregation to say that an 'Herbal Revolution' by India it’s just waiting to happen. India truly become a global leader in the herbal medicine category by inventing and patenting medicines for several ailments by using a combination or mixture of herbal formulations. Although herbal medicines have been used for thousands of years, basic research programmes need to be focused on the quality assurance. To overcome contaminations from pesticide residues and heavy metals, there should be control measures to implement necessary standard operating procedures (SOPs) at source. Good laboratory practices (GLPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) are also needed to produce good quality medicinal products. Without all these measures, it is impossible to realize the dream of having a major share of an herbal drug industry despite of having gold mine of well documented and well-practiced knowledge of traditional herbal medicines. Both Traditional Indian Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine are great traditions with strong philosophical basis and could play an important role in new therapies, drug discovery and development processes. There is an urgent need for studies about to quantify the frequency and potential risk of heavy metal poisoning from Ayurvedic medicines.

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Received on 12.07.2020 Modified on 05.08.2020

Research J. Science and Tech. 2020; 12(4):327-330.

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2020.00049.2